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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is prone to populist inclinations. However, it's healthier than might be expected. The country is searching for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships continues to influence society. There are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground. Origins In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron ones. They also traded with other countries and introduced block printing to Japan and also art styles and a written language and papermaking. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence on the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or construct fortifications. Onjo Prince Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje at the end of the time. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families and they must be revered and obeyed by all, including their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, a nation that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the shapes that were created by the mouth when pronouncing. This greatly improved the communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was first recorded. Development in Korea The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of graves paved with stone, with precious items such as amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, built from enormous single stones, are also common throughout the country. In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. After that the peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not consider to be a proper Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a short period of time. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate in order to expand their territory. Silla, with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935. As Korea enters a post-crisis era, its development paradigm seems to be changing. Those who are horrified by the enormous costs of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand, those who support the old system are seeking to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear about job losses. Academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas development towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article analyzes the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development including democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also highlights the most important factors that appear to be shaping these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that almost one third of respondents do not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they did not know what it meant. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States, where a majority of people are not convinced that humans evolved from less advanced species of life. In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. An increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, following a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. This event was attended by a large audience of scientists, professors and church leaders. The success of this event resulted in the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The event was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on creationism which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures at universities and churches throughout the country. A KACR success was witnessed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised funds and received support to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus. In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches, which hold seminars and present talks to children in schools and community groups. Evolution in South Korea In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts and other foreign fashion elements. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In the period of this transition the famous samulnori, also known as dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drums and other instruments. Korea's new development model is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also involves rethinking the incentives and monitoring strategies that have created the pre-crisis system. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4. The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. Consequently, it came into frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border. 에볼루션게이밍 of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He controlled a part of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo. However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. From then on the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.